Blog Post 6: Final Assignment

#1
"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances."

- The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

Avery Johnson's Jan. 18 blog post, "The Internet Is In Trouble!," makes a mistake common in our society by assuming the right of free speech is guaranteed in every situation. His opinion also reflect a dangerous belief, particularly among younger Americans, that no corporation or organization "owns" anything and the idea of "intellectual property" is as outdated as the 8-Track cassette.

While the "Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA)" was a poorly written and dangerous piece of legislation, its existence points out the rampant appropriation of copyrighted content on the Internet. One needs only look at the rise and fall of Napster to understand what can happen when theft of intellectual property threatens the very foundation of an industry.  Johnson erroneously assumes that rights the government cannot impede are also sacrosanct in the free market -  "(I)f you feature a film clip in a blog entry or on a website without consent by the respective studio, they can have your entire site shutdown for that simple infringement. Naturally of course, this threatens the freedom of opinion AND creativity on the internet."

Well, of course it does, and that's the whole idea!  As I see it, the "creativity" threatened is that of the original creator, whether it be a movie studio or a recording artist. These entities have poured money and energy into their product (and let's be honest, a movie or a song is a "product" to be bought and sold) and no one has a right to "borrow" all or part of it to express his/her own creativity.

Many times such "creations" are posted to sites that are in the business to make money. This makes a YouTube or Tumblr posting that uses protected property without permission "commercial speech" and thus subject to fewer Constitutional safeguards.

The flaw in SOPA is that it wasn't needed and was too far-reaching, involving the government in the business of policing copyright violators. Movie and recording studios are already afforded legal protections for their intellectual property and should step up efforts to safeguard it. Having the government overseeing the work private businesses should be doing is both unnecessary and alarming.

#2

I enjoyed reading Billy Skelos' Jan. 23 post "codes codes and more codes," not just for its E.E. Cummings-like style but because he explores the topic of product placement thoughtfully and gives examples that underline his views.

Personally, I've always found it odd that generic products had to be created for television shows or movies. I still remember my first experience with product placement when I noticed the Brady family drove a Plymouth station wagon (Plymouth was credited at the end of each episode).

In writing "Two ethical perspectives that can be related from class to the case are emotion vs rationality and tares. Emotion vs rationality can be helpful in product placement because the companies must decide where to place products so they are seen and if they are sending off the correct message," Skelos explains why a scene might include a BlackBerry rather than an iPhone if it has to contain a mobile phone/device at all.

He also discuss how the values of "Truth, Authenticity, Respect, Equity and Social responsibility" play a role in product placement, which I found helpful in further understanding the issue.

And even though Skelos concentrates on ethical exploration, he also tips his hat to the bottom line - "Sponsorship from companies gives them the ability to place products effectively, which in turn gives them product recognition, whichhhh leads to more products being bought whichhhhh leads to more money."

#3

Tammy Thompson's "Categorically Speaking" blog is one of the most thoughtful and personal ones I've read since starting the MACOMM program.  

Her Jan. 14 post, "Tattletale," discusses an ethical dilemma faced by a colleague but Thompson places herself in the situation and examines it from a personal perspective.

"While on a business trip I witnessed a senior level executive violate one of the core marketing guidelines by which my company stakes its reputation. As we produce, market and import products for use by those 21 years of age or older, all employees agree to take all possible actions to ensure that no one under this age is given access to our products. However, on this business trip an executive not only broke the law by providing access for her underage daughter to a corporate-sponsored event at a venue that requires all guests be over 21, but she also allowed the minor to have access to our products."

In analyzing her possible action, she weighs the competing loyalties (preserving her own job vs. upholding company standards/rules) and explains how she eventually reached a decions on what to do. She clearly convey the conflict but, in the end, sees the scales tipping toward one course of action.

"However, when debating the situation, I believed that asking my company to hold an executive to the standards it asked the entire business to adhere to would in the end produce more trust and respect for the leadership among the workforce than ignoring my boss’s misconduct, or attempting to protect my own job."

Thompson lays out the reasoning behind "her" decision, explaining how she used the "universal truth"as the basis for it. This shows an ability to apply ethics to a real-world situation, which should be the goal of studying ethics.

Sadly, the decision to do, what in my opinion was the "right" thing, had consequences, both for the offending supervisor and for the whistleblower. It's important that Thompson discussed the eventual outcome because it shows the complex set of events her decision to report her supervisor set in motion and the competing values/loyalties/ethics one must balance.

"Following the reporting of the misconduct, my boss unexpectedly resigned her position and although procedures are in place within our company to protect those who report misconduct, the fact that I did so did not remain a secret. I was transferred to our London office and later let go during a round of layoffs a few years later."

#4

I can empathize with Melissa Valerio's Jan. 27 blog "Ethics in a Digital Age" because my American-born family, like her foreign-born parents, has no idea what I do or what "public relations" means.

Whenever my either of my grandmothers would ask, I'd always tell them I was a newspaper reporter, though that was a career ago, because it was the only job I've ever had they could understand.

Valerio explains why her parents struggle with the career she's chosen to pursue and it's an important point to note, since a free exchange of ideas is something most Americans take for granted.

"(A)fter I tried to define what public relations meant and what a career in public relations would offer me I was greeted with blank stares from both of my parents. I can understand where they are coming from because in their country, the government controls most of the media, they don’t have a 'middle man' to serve as a liaison between the media and the public."

Valerio finds the current definition of public relations as "stale" and her suggestion is an interesting one - "Public Relations is the service of researching, analyzing and distributing information to the media from organizations in a way that it can reach and engage the public."  She also discusses the need to view public relations in the digital age, where cyberspace provides perpetuity to things written or reported.

"With the increase in technology and social media it is imperative that we maintain our standards because everything is digital nowadays and any article or publication that we put out there can harm us is (sic) the future."

She also applauds professional organizations, including PRSA, for examining the ethics of unpaid interns. 

"A 2011 update to the PRSA Code of Ethics made clear our belief that it is unethical not to provide some type of compensation to students who perform work for an employer."

This is a topic I've personally faced in public relations, having supervised the internship program for a mid-sized PR agency's Connecticut office for five years. Since many of the participants were seeking full-time internships, the agency believed it was improper to demand 30-40 hours each week simply for academic credit and we paid each intern $10 per hour.

Oddly, there were applicants who would claim their college or university forbade receiving payment. To those students, I would say "Don't tell them you get paid. If you want to work for free, this program is clearly not for you."

#5

Since Terrance White has added his unique perspective and personality to our discussion group, I couldn't resist commenting on one of his blog posts.

In "You can't handle the truth!!!" (Jan. 21), White addressing a crucial element in any discussion of ethics - "Guidelines can't cover everything. Use common sense and good judgement in adopting local codes."

White uses the Duke University rape case as an example of a situation in which journalists covering the "truth" (rape allegations against white college athletes by an African-American female) resulted in a perception that lingers to this day. Despite being exonerated, the athletes still face the inevitable outcome of such media coverage, as White shows:

"I can go to any search engine today and type in 'Duke rapist' and find pictures of those young men. Had reporters operated under a guideline that forced them to investigate the facts before reporting them, those 3 men might not be connected to this lewd story for the rest of their lives."

White also emphasizes the need for ethical guidelines because of the responsibility journalists have to their readers and the tremendous influence their reporting may have on public perception.

"Citizens accept news from the media because they believe they are not beholden to any of the parties they are reporting on. If people are allowed to manipulate the media into creating the headlines that they want, it greatly damages the credibility of that news source."  

Cyberspace Misbehavior Poses New Ethical Challenges

From a utilitarian perspective, Suburban Journals reporter Steve Pokin and his editors took the proper action by not revealing the neighbor's identity in this tragic case.

Even though Pokin had unearthed facts that linked an adult neighbor with actions that may have been connected to Megan Meier's suicide, he focused on the action his reporting might evoke from readers if he revealed the neighbor's name or the names of other adults who might have been involved. Had the police arrested the neighbor, there would be no ethical dilemma in printing the name of a suspect who was charged with crime, but that wasn't the case.

Though the neighbor had admitted to police she had been harassing Megan on MySpace while masquerading as a teenage boy named Josh Evans, the reading clearly states "there were no arrests, no charges filed, no civil suit." Ignoring privacy concerns by revealing the neighbor's identity absent any criminal or civil charges clearly could have provoked outraged readers to seek their own justice against her - an action Pokin and his editors strongly considered when making the decision to withhold her identity.

The Suburban Journals made the same decision - to withhold an identity - that newspapers across the nation make every day, even when criminal charges are filed. As a reporter in Connecticut, I'd often have access to full police reports involving the arrests of juveniles and while I'd report on the crime, my articles would omit their names because of their ages. In those cases, a journalist's obligation to protect the privacy of a juvenile outweighed the need for the newspaper to identify a suspect.  

But if one tackles the same issue from a communitarianism viewpoint, the decision of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch editors to reveal the neighbor's name was appropriate because it was in the community's interest to discourage similar behavior (online harassment of children) and stigmatize the neighbor for her admitted actions, regardless of whether she had been charged by police. The cry for justice surely was deafening in the greater St. Louis region and, after national coverage of the incident, across the United States, so the individual's right would be subjegated to the needs of the greater community.

While it isn't clear how the St. Louis Post-Dispatch learned the neighbor's identity, it could be argued that revealing it would be justified under a principle of transparency if it had been discovered through the police investigation. After all, the term "person of interest" is now commonly used by law enforcement officials even before (or if) an arrest is made.

I feel Pokin and his editors made the correct call by refusing to name the woman who admitted to bullying Megan Meier on MySpace. However, I can't say whether they knew her identity might eventually be revealed in cyberspace (as it ultimately was) and just didn't want to be held responsible or they truly believed it was important to hew to their principles.



It's not clear from the article if anyone had reported the cyberbullying to MySpace but had it been reported MySpace officials had an obligation to investigate it and, if necessary, take steps to stop it. Both Facebook and MySpace have rules for members but since millions of users log on daily, it is unreasonable to expect either social networking site to police every indiscretion.

At last year's White House Conference on Bullying Prevention, Facebook unveiled new anti-bullying tools designed to create a "culture of respect." These tools, according to Mashable.com, "boil down to two main aspects: an improved safety center with more multimedia resources, and better, more social tools for reporting offensive or bullying content." 

Facebook Director of Engineering Arturo Bejas told Mashable the company "spent some time looking at reports we were getting in different categories.

"We take down content that violates our policies," he added, "but we also wanted to help people get support from someone in their lives… someone you trust who can help you deal with this in a way that’s constructive."

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Is "Public Relations" Even the Right Term Anymore?

Much like the NAACP maintains the archaic and politically incorrect term "colored people"to perpetuate its well-established brand, the Public Relations Society of America will likely maintain the term "public relations" long after the phrase has gone out of favor.

In a world of 24-hour connectivity where journalists are scooping their own news organizations through Twitter and traditionally conservative businesses like Ernst & Young have Facebook pages, PRSA's definition that public relations "helps an organization and its publics adapt mutually to each other" asks more questions than it answers.

But PRSA is not alone in its failure to adequately explain what public relations is. Entrepreneur.com defines it as "Using the news or business press to carry positive stories about your company or your products; cultivating a good relationship with local press representatives," but there's so much wrong with that definition, it's difficult to know where to begin.

Personally, I'd ditch the term "public relations" altogether, since it evokes the 1997 film "Wag the Dog," where, according to IMDB.com, "a spin-doctor and a Hollywood producer join efforts to 'fabricate' a war in order to cover-up a presidential sex scandal."  

Public relations involves much more than relations with the "public" but rather with a host of other stakeholders, including shareholders, customers, suppliers, media and competitors. In my seven years at a PR agency, my duties included media relations, internal communications, government relations and marketing, to name only a few. I think the term "marketing communications" more broadly captures what PR professionals actually do in 2012.

Using PRSA's own template for its "Public Relations Defined" initiative, here's my idea:

"Public relations Marketing communications creates and/or maintains a positive image for an internal/external client in order to accomplish its business goals."

This definition should be seen as a mission statement - short, precise description of what will be done and why. Since much of my leadership training comes from the military, I have learned that a mission is a "task" and a "purpose." In the private sector I've seen far too much confusion in the business world caused by those who believe a mission statement must include the "hows" instead of just the "what" and the "why."

There is certainly a time and place to list the "hows," but not in the mission statement. It's in the planning. This is true on the battlefield and in the boardroom.

Part of the planning process includes ethics, but the PRSA's code of ethics would complement my definition and, in my opinion, wouldn't need to be changed and are clearly stated:

Protect and advance the free flow of accurate and truthful information.

Foster informed decision making through open communication.

Protect confidential and private information.

Promote healthy and fair competition among professionals.

Avoid conflicts of interest.

Work to strengthen the public’s trust in the profession.

Each example listed by PRSA Chair/CEO Gerard Corbett violates at least one of the above-listed principles, but the Google example stands out as the most dangerous because it runs afoul of the goals of promoting "healthy and fair competition among professionals" and fostering "informed decision making through open communication." 

Any "whispering campaign" cannot possibly be categorized as "open communication," particularly if it's undertaken by a PR professional on behalf of a client. If Burson-Marsteller had created a campaign to highlight the privacy-protecting aspects of its client (which might indirectly address some privacy concerns about Google's "Social Circle"), that would have been seen as clever PR work. Instead, Burson-Marsteller executives quietly pitched ideas about the dangers of Social Circle to select media outlets on behalf of an unnamed client and there's nothing "fair" or "open" about that.

I fully support promoting and enforcing ethical standards in my industry and I applaud PRSA's ongoing efforts. Professional organizations like the American Bar Association have a long track record of policing their members and upholding ethical standards and any increased government involvement is unnecessary. There are legal remedies, both criminal and civil, against fraud and other violations that might occur when unethical PR practices take place.  

Political pundit George Will once observed "World War II was the last government program that really worked" and I'd be willing to bet that a Washington bureaucracy enforcing ethics in the public relations field would do little to change Will's mind.

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Did Brita's FilterForGood Campaign Bottle Up the Truth?

Suzanne Dunn/The Post-Standard

With Americans discarding billions of water bottles every year, a campaign to reduce water bottle waste is certainly a worthy cause. As the Website FilterForGood notes "(T)he United States is the world’s largest bottled water consumer. In 2008, the U.S. used enough plastic water bottles to stretch around the Earth more than 190 times."


Clearly, an effort reduce water bottle waste is needed because, in an economy where energy costs are soaring, FilterForGood tells us "It takes 2,000 times more energy to produce a bottle of water than it does to produce tap water...Many people intend to recycle disposable water bottles; however, 69% of bottled water containers end up in the trash and not in a recycling container."

At first glance, water purification system maker Brita's campaign(which includes the FilterForGood Web site) to persuade consumers not to purchase water bottled in plastic seems above reproach, but as Case 3-A "Corporate Responsibility: Just Sales or Doing Well by Doing Good" points out, there are aspects of it that bear closer examination.

Though I was once a journalist, I've worked in public relations/corporate communications for the last decade, so I've decided to use the Public Relations Society of America's Code of Ethics as a way to dissect this issue.

Within the code is the "Member Statement of Professional Values," with "advocacy" being first among these. The FilterForGood campaign certainly positions Brita as an advocate for an issue that affects many communities in the U.S. and worldwide - litter generated from disposable water bottles.

Additionally, Brita fulfills the next principle, "honesty," which includes "advancing the interests of those we represent and in communicating with the public" by clearing labeling the FilterForGood Website with its corporate logo. It's as clear as purified water that Brita's goal is two-fold - to advocate for a good cause while providing a compelling sales argument for its own products, which include water filtration systems and containers.

However, as the case study notes, replacing disposable water bottles through use of Brita products brings up an important consideration not clearly addressed on the FilterForGood site - how to recycle used Brita filters. The case study also discusses how journalists from the New York Times reported how Brita products were not recyclable, a point reinforced by Beth Terry, founder of www.TakeBacktheFilter.org.

In the case study, Terry is quoted as saying "to give up bottled water, you have to switch to another plastic products that's not recyclable," but it seems that Brita has since realized this conundrum and launched its own initiatives to prevent its products from trashing Mother Earth.

In fact, the home page of TakeBacktheFilter.org announces that "Brita and Preserve (a manufacturer of 100-percent recycled household products) Announce Filter Recycling Program." And while it's a little more difficult to find recycling information on FilterForGood's site, it is there under "Our Partners."


The PRSA Code of Ethics also contains a provision to "to aid informed decision-making" and Brita's FilterForGood campaign certainly makes a strong case that reducing the use of plastic water bottles is in every human's best interest but unless one has read the case study, the issue of how to recycle Brita filters and containers is not addressed.

But unlike the New York Times journalists in the case study, who endeavored to tell the complete story of FilterForGood, PR probationers owe allegiance not to the truth, but to their clients. While the PRSA Code of Ethics contains good guidance, those principles may not be acceptable to a company paying an agency to promote its products or position it as a force for good. The PRSA code even goes so far as to highlight "Examples of Improper Conduct" with each provision listed, but it doesn't address how to deal with a client who may demand such conduct.

PRSA has been clear on more black-and-white ethical issue such as representing dictators, including in a recent Financial Times letter to the editor from PRSA Chair and Chief Executive Rosanna M. Fiske stating a NYC-based PR firm's efforts on behalf of Libyan strongman Muammer Gaddafi and his government, calling them "distinctly against the ethical tenets of modern public relations."

Students who plan a career in PR should be well aware of the possibility their own ethics and principles may be challenged from time to time by clients venturing into "gray" areas, which is why it is important to explore issues through education and professional development.

Interestingly, the case study seems to illustrate a conflict between Kant’s Categorical Imperative (focusing on the action of reducing plastic water bottle waste) and Mill’s Utility Principle (focusing on the outcome of replacing plastic water bottles with a non-recyclable alternative, a Brita product). While this might have been true when the FilterForGood campaign was first launched, my research found that Brita's executives realized the competing ethical and practical issues and subsequently created useful programs and initiatives to recycle company products.

War Correspondents Weigh Citizenship with Service to Readers

As a former print journalist and a veteran of the Army's 29th Infantry Division (which landed on Omaha Beach on D-Day), I'm amazed that some war correspondents were trusted with the details of the operation prior to the June 6 invasion.

In today's dog-eat-dog, 24-hour news cycle, no military commander would ever divulge such sensitive information to journalists. If he did, certainly no reporter would keep quiet about it for very long.

Though the D-Day reporters stayed mum until the invasion began, one World War II journalist encountered a similar situation and made a very different decision.    

While serving as a war correspondent, the esteemed New York Times reporter/editor James "Scotty" Reston learned a Nazi submarine had attacked a British warship in the Scapa Flow, causing serious damage to the vessel. Despite operating under strict censorship restrictions, Reston reported the story to his editors using coded language to evade scrutiny, a decision he later regretted.

Case Western Reserve University journalism professor Ted Gup recounted Reston's reaction in his article "Secrecy and the Press in a Time of War."

“I think that was unethical,” Reston reflected. “That was a case where my fastball was better than my control. I’d like to take that one back.”
"Reston’s remorse confirms the conventional wisdom that reporters in times of war often find themselves torn between the instincts of a journalist and the duties of a citizen," Gup writes.

While some argue this brazen action launched Reston's storied career, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was reportedly furious at the reporter's actions.

As a former member of the Fourth Estate and the military, the struggle is easy for me to understand. It is also the topic of Chapter 4 in "Media Ethics Issues & Cases" "Loyalty: Choosing between Competing Allegiances."

Once he'd learned of the attack on the British cruiser, Reston certainly struggled to balance his loyalty to his "professional practice" (as well as his "loyalty arising from employment") with his "loyalty arising from shared humanity," but in the end, one loyalty triumphed over the other. I'm not surprised that Reston felt divided loyalties. What does surprise me is that he admitted he'd made a mistake in the one he eventually chose to honor.

Reston knew that reporting a submarine attack on a British ship in British waters would give Germany vital intelligence on what physical damage its fleet was causing. It is likely he also knew this information would be a propaganda windfall for Great Britain's enemy and would be used to demoralize the Allied cause and inspire the German public and its military.

The censorship restrictions Reston operated under were certainly strict and, as Gup points out, many war correspondents "were easily discouraged in their fights with the censor and the gold braid and contented themselves with writing pretty stories about generals and admirals and movie heroes who happened to be wearing uniforms. Or they were content to sit around the rear bases and write only what the public relations officer brought around to them."

But as draconian as these restriction may have been, I believe there were valid military reasons for implementing them, a fact Reston surely would have acknowledged. Had I been in Reston's situation, I would have balanced the need to serve my readers with the possible impact my reporting would have on civilian and military populations, both in my country (and the countries of its allies) and the enemy's.

While it might be more difficult to envision what would happen if I didn't report such information, the impact of reporting it would be more easily considered. Clearly, it would provide Germany a military advantage, even if only in the short term, and would have a negative impact on the Allied cause. These facts are nearly impossible to dispute.

As a U.S. citizen (as Reston was), I would have viewed the issue within the context of press freedoms and the conflict itself by asking "If the enemy of my nation, Germany, were to gain advantage from my reporting and eventually emerge victorious, what press freedoms would remain?" While Allied war correspondents labored under restrictions and censorship during World War II, these were temporary measures and ones that would evaporate once the war had ended, but only if the Allies were the victors.

 

 

When The Bottom Line Trumps the Byline

As one the MACOMM program's "seasoned citizens," I've spent time as a journalist and have encountered several incidences where I've experienced an ethical dilemma. Most of these were fairly minor, but the most memorable example came when I was the managing editor of a bi-weekly Fairfield County newspaper.

One day, I received a call from a reader who said he'd just watched a segment on ABC's "20/20" that focused on several New York pharmacies that were under federal investigation for allegedly collecting old prescription drugs and selling them to customers as new drugs. Why did this concern my newspaper? The answer was simple: because the same owner was the proprietor of a pharmacy in the town the publication served.

Although the Connecticut pharmacy was not under investigation, the "20/20" segment certainly did raise some interesting questions about what might be going on a few blocks from our newspaper office.

As a journalist and the newspaper's managing editor, I immediately asked myself "What duties do I have and to whom do I owe them?" Again, the answer was simple: I have a duty to our readers (one of whom had contacted the newspaper with a tip) to investigate the situation and report on the findings.

I summoned the newspaper's head reporter, a man at least 25 years my senior, to discuss the reader's concern and to assign him the story. It was clear by his initial response that his dedication to the story and desire to investigate and report it was, well, less than enthusiastic.

"You know _________ Pharmacy is a major advertiser, right?" he sighed.  

Despite my initial internal impulse (which involved screaming and choking the reporter), I took a deep breath and calmly told him that didn't matter and I expected him to look into the situation and report on what he learned. We had a duty to, as highlighted in Chapter 1 of "Media Ethics: Issues & Cases," tell the truth.

He sighed again and shuffled out of the room. His body language previewed the story he would later file, even though he hadn't yet written a word.

A day or two later, I checked in with him on his progress and, unsurprisingly, was disappointed both in his product and his principles. He had barely worked on the story and spent most of our meeting discussing how uncomfortable he felt about writing it. "I'm sorry you feel that way," I told him, "but you need to have the story on my desk on deadline day."

When deadline day arrived, the senior reporter's work was what I will politely call "embarrassing." It was a poorly written story that clearly reflected his lack of commitment to undertaking any serious investigation. It also reflected his desire to appease the editor and the publisher, both of whom had a reputation for killing stories they thought would portray the town or its advertisers in a negative light.

I could understand the reporter's intent to please his (and my) bosses and his fears about losing his job (he had a family to support while I was still single), but I was angry about his actions and told him I'd be writing the story myself. While I didn't say it out loud, I knew this reporter's loyalty was to something other than the code of ethics journalists were bound to follow. Principles espoused by the Society of Professional Journalists such as "seek the truth and report" and "act independently" were being subjugated to the baser principle of self-preservation.

Throwing myself into the story, I produced a comprehensive, well-sourced article about the federal probe and the "20/20" segment involving the New York pharmacy locations while pointing out to readers the Connecticut store was not under any type of investigation. I then filed the story with my editor, who immediately called in the company's general counsel and summoned me to the meeting.

As I had expected, the editor told me the story would not run. The lawyer explained to me the concern the company had about a potential lawsuit.

"But couldn't anyone sue our newspaper for anything?" I queried. "If that's your concern, why do we print a newspaper at all?"

He stood silently, refusing to respond to my question. I walked out of the meeting, tired of tilting at journalistic windmills, at least for a day. By now, the staff knew the situation and had rallied behind the story, so I walked into the newsroom and told them it had been "spiked." I also told them I didn't support the editor's decision, but he was in charge and we'd all have to respect it.

Needless to say, the story never ran in our newspaper. About a month later, however, the daily newspaper that served our area ran a lengthy article about the federal investigation of the New York pharmacies, scooping our little publication.

I'm not sure if any lawsuits were ever filed against the daily newspaper for running the story, but I'm certain the pharmacy owner later "admitted to having been convicted of Criminal Diversion of Prescription Medications and Prescriptions in the Third Degree, a class E felony," according to New York State's "Summaries of Regents Actions On Professional Misconduct and Discipline."

As a journalist, I had a firm set of ethics to guide me on this issue, thanks to SPJ, but so did the reporter. How could he have reached a completely different decision from mine?

Many of my classmates will face ethical dilemmas in their future careers and look to the MACOMM program to prepare them. While no course will provide a definitive "how-to" on making choices, learning about everything from Aristotle's Golden Mean to John Stuart Mill's utilitarianism (and other philosophies) will provide guidelines from which a decision can be made.

In my example, I followed the ethical guidelines provided by SPJ and took what I still believe was the right action. While the actions of my editor upset and disappointed me for a long while, I eventually realized I had no control over the ethics of others, which was the most important decision I learned as a young journalist faced with a tough decision.